PHD1

PHD1 is a HIF prolyl hydroxylase that regulates HIF-1 protein levels in mammalian cells. HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylases mainly include PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. These three enzymes have sequence-similar catalytic domains and conserve amino acid residues for coordinating Fe(II) ions. Under hypoxic conditions, due to insufficient oxygen supply, the hydroxylase activity of PHD1 decreases, leading to HIF-1α accumulation and inducing the expression of HRE-regulated target genes. Therefore, PHDs are considered intracellular oxygen sensors. PHD1 is found only in the cell nucleus, while PHD2 is mainly located in the cytoplasm.